Field Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Source with Biogents Sentinel-2 and Pro Traps for Adult Aedes Mosquito Surveillance.

The BG Sentinel-2 (BGS-2) and BG-Pro traps (BGS-2 configuration) were compared for their effectiveness to collect Aedes vectors and related nuisance mosquitoes in north central Florida during 2022. Traps were baited with either dry ice pellets, pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, or the novel BG yeast-derived CO2 generator. Additionally, each trap was fitted with the BG Sweetscent lure. Sixteen species were collected including Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti, which accounted for about 20% of the collections. The BGS-2 collected more mosquitoes compared to the BG-Pro, but the relative percent abundance of each species to total collection from each trap type was similar. Overall mosquito abundance was significantly greater in both trap types baited with dry ice compared with the other CO2 sources. Significantly more Ae. albopictus were collected from BGS-2 traps baited with dry ice than all other CO2 and trap configurations. Lastly, we did not observe any significant differences in Ae. aegypti abundance between trap type or CO2 source.

Field Evaluation of Fyfanon Ew Against Aedes Aegypti: A Low Odor Ultra-Low Volume Formulation of Malathion.

A low odor formulation of ultra-low volume (ULV) malathion (Fyfanon EW®) mosquito adulticide was evaluated in the field for its efficacy using caged female Aedes aegypti. Cages were placed in three rows, 30 m apart at 30, 60, and 90 m from the spray line. The product was applied at the manufacturer's suggested operational rate of 0.28 liter/min (9.5 fl oz/min) and at the maximum label rate of 0.37 liter/min (12.6 fl oz/min) with a Guardian 190ES truck mounted ULV sprayer. At 1 h post-treatment for the manufacturer's suggested operational rate, adult mortality ranged from 85% at 30 m to 46% at 90 m (overall average 65.5%). At 24 h post-treatment, mortality was significantly greater at each distance with complete control of caged mosquitoes at 30 m and >95% at 90 m. Overall, 24-h average mortality at this rate was 96.8%. At the maximum label rate, mosquito mortality at 1 h was considerably greater at all distances and ranged from about 89% to 75% with an overall average of 84.3%. At 24 h post-treatment, complete mortality was recorded at all transect distances at this higher rate. In conclusion, our results showed that at 24 h, Fyfanon EW® was considered very effective when applied by ULV truck mounted ground equipment for area-wide control of mosquitoes.

Evaluation of Alternative Power Sources for Operating CDC Mosquito Surveillance Traps.

Several portable, rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-Ion) cell phone power banks were compared with standard 6-V gel lead-acid batteries as alternative power sources for operating mosquito surveillance equipment. In laboratory trials, ToughTested® (TT)16000 and 24000, Goal Zero Venture™ 70, and Griffin Survivor® units either met or exceeded that of sealed 6-V batteries when operating the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suction light traps (with incandescent light on) for an average of 24 h. No significant difference was found when continually operating traps powered by either the TT16000 or Goal Zero Venture 70 units compared with 6-V batteries (at approximately 57 h). The TT24000 unit was the only Li-Ion power bank that exceeded this threshold at an average of approximately 73 h. In field studies, there was no significant difference in species diversity or abundance of mosquitoes among the above 4 power sources when operating CDC light traps for 24 h compared with 6-V batteries. Our results indicate that portable Li-Ion cell phone power banks ≥10,050 mAh may be suitable replacements for 6-V gel lead-acid batteries when operating these light traps, especially if weight and size constraints influence the extent of mosquito surveillance during deployments.

Effectiveness of Aquatain® AMF and Cocobear™ Larvicidal Oil Against Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae and Pupae in an Organically Enhanced Aquatic Habitat.

The efficacy of CocoBear™ Larvicidal Oil and Aquatain® AMF Liquid Mosquito Film against larval and pupal Culex quinquefasciatus was compared (at maximum label field application rates) when applied to concrete troughs treated with composted cow manure. At 1 h posttreatment, CocoBear provided significantly greater reduction of mosquito larvae than Aquatain, but both products were equally effective in producing >97% control at 24 h. Each product provided >98% pupal reduction at 1 h posttreatment, with complete elimination of pupae from troughs at 24 h. CocoBear and Aquatain proved to be equally effective against Cx. quinquefasciatus immatures in organically enriched aquatic habitats.

Application Efficacy of Vectobac WDG Against Larval Aedes aegypti Using Thermal Fog Technology.

The effectiveness of thermal fog application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Vectobac® WDG) against larval Aedes aegypti was evaluated in open and forest canopied environments in northeastern Florida, using a handheld IGEBA® TF34 thermal fogger (with water conversion kit). The product was applied at the maximum label rate of 1 kg/ha to linear transects, in each environment, containing empty 0.5-liter cups. After application, late-2nd to early-3rd instars of Ae. aegypti were added to each cup. Complete larval mortality occurred 48 h after treatment, 8 m away from the spray line in the open field while 63.4% larval mortality was achieved at this same distance in the forest canopy at 72 h posttreatment. Operational efficacy was then evaluated in an urban tropical environment in Key West, FL. In this study, empty plastic cups were placed in cryptic areas of a commercial lobster and crab trap yard. The 0.1-ha area was treated with Vectobac WDG at the maximum label rate using the same equipment. Aedes aegypti larval mortality from treated cups was >99% at 24 h posttreatment, whereas complete mortality was achieved at 48 h after application.

A Small-Scale Investigation Into the Effect of A Larvicidal Oil On Oviposition Site Preference By Aedes aegypti.

Larvicidal oils can be used to control immature Aedes aegypti and other pestiferous mosquitoes. To test whether oil-based larvicides also act as oviposition deterrents, indoor and semi-field trials were conducted at the Navy Entomology Center of Excellence in Jacksonville, FL. In both studies, treatment cages consisted of oviposition cups lined with seed germination paper as an oviposition substrate and filled with 1-wk-old southern live oak ( Quercus virginiana) leaf litter-infused water. Treatment cages consisted of 2 cups treated with CocoBear™ Mosquito Larvicidal Oil, while 2 cups were untreated. Control cages contained oviposition cups with only oak leaf litter-infused water. Gravid Ae. aegypti were released into cages and allowed to oviposit for 24 h, after which eggs were counted. The number of eggs deposited in treatment and control cages was not significantly different (indoor P = 0.0865; outdoor P = 0.9765). However, the number of eggs deposited in untreated cups was significantly greater than that deposited in treated cups within treatment cages (indoor P < 0.0001; outdoor P = 0.0050). These results suggest that the presence of the larvicidal oil CocoBear may cause gravid female Ae. aegypti to seek alternative oviposition sites.

Evaluation of several novel alkynols, alkenols, and selected host odor blends as attractants to female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus.

The compound 1-octen-3-ol is a strong attractant for some mosquito species. Based on chemical structure, this may be due to a terminal site of unsaturation or high electron density, a structural capability for hydrogen bonding, e.g., -OH, -NH2, NHR, NR2, etc., a saturated hydrocarbon chain of a certain minimum length, and a certain relative distance between the region of high electron density and the alcohol (or other hydrogen-bonding) functional group. Based on this hypothesis, 4 novel alkynol (triple-bonded) analogs were synthesized and evaluated alone or in combination with acetone and dimethyl disulfide, and with and without carbon dioxide in Mosquito Magnet-X suction traps. Attraction of laboratory-reared adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus to these analogs and combinations was compared to 1-octen-3-ol as a standard in semi-field trials. For both species none of the alkynols, with and without carbon dioxide or acetone and dimethyl disulfide, were significantly different from 1-octen-3-ol. The compounds 2-octyn-4-ol and 2-nonyn-4-ol alone and with carbon dioxide suppressed Cx. quinquefasciatus collections. An additional 6 alkenol (double-bonded) analogs were tested in mixtures with 3-n-propylphenol and 4-methylphenol in a ratio of 4:1:8, respectively. Using the same trapping methods, Cx. quinquefasciatus catches containing 3-decen-1-ol were increased nearly 3-fold when combined with carbon dioxide. Aedes albopictus collections in traps with the 3-decen-1-ol/phenol mixture and carbon dioxide were significantly greater than similar traps with 1-octen-3-ol. Traps baited with the phenol blends that incorporated (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, (Z)-8-nonen-3-ol, or 1-octen-3-ol were considerably suppressed in the presence of carbon dioxide.

Efficacy of several commercially formulated essential oils against caged female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus when operationally applied via an automatic-timed insecticide application system.

The effectiveness of several commercially available products containing plant essential oils against caged female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Products operationally applied via an automatic-timed insecticide application system (MistAway) at maximum label rates were EcoExempt MC (9.0 ml/liter, rosemary oil [18% AI], cinnamon oil [2% AI], lemongrass oil [2% AI], plus 78% "other ingredients" in wintergreen oil). Misting System Concentrate (4 ml/liter, oil of Juniperus virginiana [85% AI]), Mosquito Barrier (31.1 ml/liter, garlic oil [99.3% AI], and citric acid [0.5% AI]), and No-See-Um Organic Repellent (99.5 ml/liter, lemongrass [4% AI], citronella [3% AI], castor oil [3% AI], sodium laurate [3%], and garlic oil [1% AI] in an 86% [AI] mixture of wintergreen oil, lecithin, and water). All products were compared with a commercial formulation of synergized pyrethrins, Riptide (9.0 ml/liter, pyrethrins [5% AI], piperonyl butoxide [25% AI]), as a standard. Mortality was the greatest for Riptide to both mosquito species with effectiveness influenced by distance from the nozzle (ranging from > 80% at 3 m to > 10% at 20 m). The essential oil products resulted in < 10% mortality for each species regardless of application exposure distance with the exception of EcoExempt, which gave approximately 13% mortality of caged female Ae. albopictus 6 m from the nozzles.

Semi-field evaluation of several novel alkenol analogs of 1-octen-3-ol as attractants to adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus.

The compound 1-octen-3-ol is a known attractant of some mosquito species, which has led to the hypothesis that olfactory stimulation by this alkenol may be associated with the following structural elements: a terminal site of unsaturation or high electron density; a structural capability for hydrogen bonding, e.g., -OH, -NH2, NHR, NR2, etc.; a saturated hydrocarbon chain of a certain minimum length; and a certain relative distance between the region of high electron density and the alcohol (or other hydrogen-bonding) functional group. Using this logic, we synthesized 20 alkenol analogs based on the octenol double-bonded carbon skeleton. The attraction of female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus to these analogs was compared with 1-octen-3-ol as a standard in semi-field trials. For both species, collections from Mosquito Magnet-X (MMX) suction traps baited with the alkenol analogs in the absence of carbon dioxide were not significantly different from octenol-only baited traps, with the exception of (Z)-3-hepten-1-ol which collected significantly more Ae. albopictus. In the presence of CO2, most of the collections from traps baited with an alkenol were considerably increased for both species but not different from octenol plus CO2, with the exception of Ae. albopictus where (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, (Z)-4-hexen-1-ol, 7-octen-2-ol, and 8-nonen-3-ol significantly depressed trap catches. Although no clearly identifiable structure-activity relationship could be determined from our collected data, we did find that MMX traps baited with carbon dioxide and 4-penten-2-ol or (E)-2-decen-4-ol significantly enhanced Cx. quinquefasciatus collections up to nearly 3-fold compared with octenol plus carbon dioxide.

The effectiveness of Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda) for the control of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in residential environments.

The cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops longisetus was evaluated for its predatory potential to reduce container-inhabiting mosquitoes in 5 suburban Florida backyards. Aedes albopictus, Ae. triseriatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus were the predominant species collected from containers. At an initial inoculation rate of approximately 120 copepods per container, M. longisetus populations eliminated resident mosquito larvae for a minimum of 14 wk in 30-liter plastic buckets and up to 29 wk in 0.4-liter ceramic flowerpots and 0.3-liter glass jars depending on species. Copepod populations generally peaked 13 wk after introduction (August) in ceramic flowerpots and glass jars and about 1 month later in tires, plastic buckets, and plastic flowerpots. At the time of peak abundance, average predator numbers ranged between 900 (glass jar) to >3000 (30-liter bucket) individuals per container. Although all mosquito species were eliminated from all containers sometime during the 35-wk study, M. longisetus appeared to preferably prey on Aedes larvae compared with Culex. Operationally, the use of M. longisetus as a tool for control of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in urban/suburban settings proved to be relatively inexpensive, required little labor for colony maintenance, was easily transported, and easily applied.

Semi-field comparison of the BG Lure, nonanal, and 1-octen-3-ol to attract adult mosquitoes in northwestern Florida.

The relative attractiveness of Mosquito Magnet-X suction traps baited with various combinations of the BG Lure, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), and carbon dioxide was evaluated against laboratory-reared female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus in semi-field trials in northwestern Florida. In the absence of carbon dioxide, traps baited with the BG Lure (comprised of ammonia, caproic acid, and lactic acid) collected just as many mosquitoes as traps baited with carbon dioxide only. The numbers of mosquitoes caught in traps baited with no carbon dioxide and only nonanal, octenol, or their combination with or without the BG Lure were generally depressed compared with traps baited with carbon dioxide alone. When these chemicals were combined with carbon dioxide, no significant difference existed in the abundance of either mosquito species caught compared with traps baited only with carbon dioxide. However, in one trial, the combination of BG Lure plus octenol and carbon dioxide resulted in nearly a 4-fold depression in Ae. albopictus collections compared with carbon dioxide-only baited traps. The reason for this discordance remains to be investigated.

Acaricidal activity of Satureja thymbra L. essential oil and its major components, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene against adult Hyalomma marginatum (Acari: Ixodidae).

The acaricidal activity of a volatile essential oil hydrodistillate of Satureja thymbra L. (Lamiaceae) and its major constituents, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene, were evaluated against field-collected unfed adult Hyalomma marginatum. The distillate was tested against this tick species at 5, 10, 20, and 40 microL/L while the two major components were each tested at 10 microL/L. Generally, tick mortality to the S. thymbra distillate increased with concentration and exposure time. Ticks exposed to vapors from cotton wicks containing at least 40 microL/L resulted in complete (100%) mortality at 3h. The lower concentrations provided >or=90% mortality at 3h post treatment with complete mortality at 24h. Knockdown was observed only in the carvacrol and gamma-terpinene treatments. Ticks exposed to carvacrol-treated wicks produced >93% knockdown at 3h but at 24h approximately 57% were dead. The gamma-terpinene treatment produced >or=90% knockdown at 105 min through 3h but at 24h only about 87% of the ticks were dead.

Effects of Two Temperature Storage Regimes on the Efficacy of 3 Commercial Gel Baits against the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

BACKGROUND: To compare the effectiveness of 3 commercial gel bait formulations containing fipronil (Goliath(©) Cockroach Gel 0.05% AI), chlorpyrifos-A (Clean Bait(©) Gel, 2% AI), and chloropyrifos-B (Serpa(©) Gel 2% AI) against German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) when stored at 23(°)C and 30(°) C after treatment. METHODS: Laboratory bioassays consisted of placing groups of fifteen cockroaches (a random combination of adult, mixed sex and large nymphs-stage 6) into a 5 L cylindrical plastic container with one drop of product (avg 0.10 g ± 0.01 g) applied to a 76 mm x 26 mm glass microscope slide affixed to the bottom of each container (one product tested per container). Cumulative mortality was assessed at 6 h, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d after application. To determine the further effects of storage temperature after treatment on residual activity of the gels, a drop of each product was applied to separate glass microscope slides and stored at either 23(°) C (warm) or 30(°) C (hot) under dark conditions for 0, 1, 7, 14, 30, 45, 60 and 90 d after application. RESULTS: Freshly applied baits (day 0) containing fipronil provided complete cockroach mortality (100%) within 5 d whereas chloryrifos-A and chlorpyrifos-B provided ≈72% and 88% mortality, respectively. Generally, cockroach mortality was greater when gels were stored at 30(°)C compared with 23(°) C. CONCLUSION: The fipronil gel formulation proved to be as efficacious as the chlorpyrifos gels and in some instances surpased the latter formulations depending on storage time and temperature by providing ≈90% mortality at 90 d post treatment.

Effects of carbon dioxide, an octenol/phenol mixture, and their combination on tabanidae (Diptera) collections from French 2-tier box traps.

The French 2-tier box trap was evaluated in northwestern Florida to determine its attractiveness to host-seeking tabanids (Diptera) when baited with either CO2 alone; a 4:1:8 mixture of octenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and 4-methylphenol; or a combination of CO2 plus 4:1:8 mixture. Six genera representing 43 species were obtained from this trap. Chrysops and Tabanus made up 10.3 and 87.4% of the total, respectively, with Chrysops celatus Pechuman and Tabanus pallidescens Philip as the predominate species from these two genera. CO2 alone and in combination with the octenol/phenol mixture enhanced overall tabanid collections three- to four-fold compared with no odor. Generally, more species were collected in the top tier of the French 2-tier trap regardless of treatment. Those species that showed a significant difference between top and bottom tiers in traps without odors continued this trend when traps were baited with the semiochemicals. However, Tabanus mixis Philip showed no tier preference in traps baited by CO2 alone, whereas Tabanus lineola F. showed no stratification difference with or without odors.

Residual effectiveness of three pyrethroids on vegetation against adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus in screened field cages.

The residual effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated vegetation as a barrier against female host-seeking Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus was evaluated in large screened-cage field tests for 12 wk. Individual potted southern wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera L.) plants were treated with either beta-cyfluthrin (Tempo SC Ultra), lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS), or tau-fluvalinate (Mavrik Perimeter) at maximum label rates. Suction mosquito traps (MMX) baited with carbon dioxide placed near plants treated with tau-fluvalinate provided significant overall reduction (approximately 62-80%) of mosquitoes through 2 wk compared with untreated plants. Overall percent knockdown/mortality from excised-leaf bioassays was similar to suction-trap reduction data. However, knockdown/mortality in leaf bioassays was greater for Ae. albopictus than for Cx. quinquefasciatus, whereas no such effect was observed in trap collections. Mosquito abundance in MMX collections near plants treated with beta-cyfluthrin provided similar levels of reduction as tau-fluvalinate-treated plants through 1 wk and 3-4 wk after treatment. Leaf toxicity generally provided approximately > 90% knockdown/mortality on beta-cyfluthrin treated leaves throughout the study. Generally, no consistent difference in trap reduction or weekly knockdown/mortality in leaf bioassays was observed between either mosquito species. Plants treated with lambda-cyhalothrin provided significantly greater overall reduction of mosquitoes (75-83%) from MMX collections for the first 5 wk compared with untreated plants. Knockdown/mortality levels and duration of leaf toxicity from lambda-cyhalothrin- treated leaves was similar to that of beta-cyfluthrin, with no consistent differences between mosquito species.

Application of insecticides to vegetation as barriers against host-seeking mosquitoes.

The application of insecticides to perimeter vegetation for the purpose of controlling adult mosquitoes in backyards and other recreational areas has generated renewed interest among the general public. Several pyrethroids have been labeled for this use and provided, depending on chemical and formulation, up to approximately 6 wk of acceptable adult mosquito reduction. A review of past work in this area is presented. In addition, results from a recent field study by the author to determine the residual effectiveness of bifenthrin-treated vegetation as a barrier against adult mosquitoes in northwestern Florida is also presented. Bifenthrin (TalstarOne) suppressed mosquito populations in the treatment area below an annoyance action threshold of 25 mosquitoes per night in carbon dioxide-baited light traps for 5 out of the 8-wk study. Excised leaf bioassays conducted at the same time as trap collections revealed that bifenthrin-treated leaves exhibited > 70% knockdown/mortality against laboratory-reared female Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus for 4 of those weeks.

Evaluation of an automatic-timed insecticide application system for backyard mosquito control.

Several manufacturers and pest management companies have begun to market and install outdoor automatically timed insecticide application systems that claim to provide an envelope of protection against host-seeking mosquitoes within a defined area, e.g., residential backyards. A typical system consists of a multi-gallon reservoir attached to a continuous loop of plastic tubing with multiple single spray head nozzles. Nozzles are usually placed along the perimeter of a backyard in landscaping or other areas suitable for mosquito harborage. This array is then connected to a programmable electric pump set to automatically apply an insecticide at predetermined intervals. An operational field study was conducted to evaluate this technology using previously installed MistAway systems at.3 residences in northwestern Florida. This system applied a mist-like application of 0.05% AI synergized pyrethrins for 45 sec at dawn and again at dusk in each backyard. Twice-weekly collections from ABC suction light traps, baited with carbon dioxide, were used as the evaluation tool. Female mosquitoes from treatment backyards were compared with trap collections from 3 backyards without automatic misting systems used as controls. We found that weekly mosquito reduction was highly variable and ranged from 98% to 14% during the 35-wk study. Because the primary method of reduction by these application systems was not well understood, a MistAway system was installed in an outdoor simulated residential backyard to determine exposure pathway under controlled conditions with field cage and excised-leaf bioassays. Using laboratory-reared females of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus in those assays, we found that reduction by the MistAway system was primarily achieved by direct exposure of the mosquitoes to the insecticide application and not from residual deposits on treated vegetation.

Controlled release chamber for dispensing aromatic substances.

A novel device for the containment and precise release of aromatic substances is described. The device consists of a threaded-tubular polyvinyl chloride chamber (and screw-top cap) with ports for introduction and release of gaseous compounds. This chamber is inexpensive, easy to assemble, and useful for evaluating the combined release of carbon dioxide and aromatic hygroscopic substances as mosquito attractants in field studies.

Evaluation of temephos and chlorpyrifos-methyl against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in septic tanks in Antalya, Turkey.

The larvicidal activity of chlorpyrifos-methyl and temephos was evaluated against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in septic tanks in Antalya, Turkey. Chlorpyrifos-methyl (Pyrifos MT 25 emulsifiable concentrate [EC] ) was evaluated at application rates of 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12 mg active ingredient (AI)/liter, and temephos (Temeguard 50 EC) was evaluated at 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 mg (AI)/liter during a 21-d study. Generally, overall larval reduction in septic tanks from single- and multifamily dwellings treated with either larvicide was significantly greater than pretreatment levels and control tanks for the duration of the study. At 14 d posttreatment, duration of control was greatest in multifamily tanks treated with chlorpyrifos-methyl at the highest application rate with similar levels of control through 21 d for single-family dwellings (range 97-100%). Septic tanks from both types of family dwellings treated at the highest application rate of temephos resulted in >90% reduction through day 21 (range 91-100%). Laboratory bioassays of septic tank water treated at field application rates, without daily dilution, revealed that complete larval mortality was achieved for 21 d at each application rate and formulation. It is thought that daily addition of water and organic matter to the septic tanks in the single and multifamily dwellings influenced the duration of effectiveness of the larvicides.

Efficacy of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, against Culex pipiens larvae in septic tank water.

The mosquito Culex pipiens L. is an important pest in urban and suburban areas in many parts of the world. Septic tanks are the most important habitats supporting the production of this species in the city of Antalya, southwestern Turkey. Diflubenzuron, in a 25% wettable powder (Du-dim 25 WP), and a 4% granular formulation (Du-dim 4 G) was evaluated against late 2nd to early 3rd instars of Cx. pipiens in single-family septic tanks. Both formulations were tested at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mg (AI)/liter. The results indicated that both formulations applied at the rate of 0.02 and 0.03 mg (AI)/liter achieved 100% adult inhibition, at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment. Septic tanks treated with 0.01 mg (AI)/liter WP formulation resulted in complete (100%) adult inhibition through 14 days, whereas the G formulation gave the same effect through 21 days posttreatment at this rate.